ABSTRACT
COVID-19 dapat menyerang siapa saja tanpa memandang usia golongan status sosial ekonomi seseorang. Penyebaran COVID-19 yang terjadi secara masif mengakibatkan perubahan pada kehidupan anak panti. Perubahan kehidupan yang terjadi ini akan menimbulkan dampak secara psikologis maupun fisiologis pada perkembangan anak panti yang memasuki masa transisi dari anak-anak ke usia remaja. Melihat resiko dampak yang akan muncul pada anak baik secara fisiologis maupun secara psikologis maka diperlukan pemeriksaan kesehatan untuk mengetahui masalah kesehatan yang terjadi pada anak.Upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi dampak COVID-19 bagi anak panti diantaranya melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan penyuluhan kesehatan dan konseling dengan sasaran anak-anak penghuni Panti Asuhan Muhammadiyah Tunas Melati Kota Pontianak.Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah tersosialisasinya upaya pencegahan COVID-19 dengan menjalankan protokol kesehatan seperti menggunakan masker mencuci tangan menggunakan sabun pada air mengalir atau hand sanitizer serta diketahuinya status kesehatan dasar anak-anak penghuni panti asuhan seperti tekanan darah suhu tubuh nadi dan pernafasan. Sekitar 40 anak di Panti Asuhan Muhammadiyah Tunas Melati mengikuti kegiatan ini dengan tertib dan tetap melaksanakan protokol kesehatan selama kegiatan berlangsung dan akan selalu menerapkan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat agar terhindar dari penularan COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
The SARS-CoV-2 virus which is the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic since the end of 2019 has undergone many mutations that gave rise to several variants of concern (VOC) with higher transmission virulence and ability to evade the immune system than the initial variant (wild-type). Until now there are four variants included in the VOC of the virus namely alpha beta gamma and delta variants. The increased transmission and virulence of these VOCs were associated with mutational changes in the spike protein which is the structure of the virus that plays a role in binding to host cells. In this article we conduct a literature review on VOCs from the SARS-CoV-2 virus related to mutations that occur and their impact on the viral binding process. To gain an understanding of the impact of mutations in these variants we also reviewed the structure of the spike protein and the process of viral entry into host cells. Keywords: viral mutation, variants of concern (VOC), COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) elicits robust inflammatory reaction that may result in a declining albumin serum level. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the prognostic properties of hypoalbuminemia for poor prognosis and factors that may influence the relationship. METHOD: A systematic literature search of PubMed was conducted from inception to April 22, 2021. The main exposure was albumin level below normal range-defined by the included studies. The outcome of interest was composite poor outcome that comprises of mortality, severity, and the requirement of mechanical ventilation or intensive care unit. RESULTS: There were 6200 patients from 19 studies. Meta-analysis showed that hypoalbuminemia was associated with composite poor outcome (OR 6.97 (95% CI 4.20-11.55), p < 0.001; I2 = 91.3%, p < 0.001). Meta-regression analysis showed that age (p = 0.44), gender (p = 0.76), HT (p = 0.97), DM (p = 0.40), CKD (p = 0.65), liver disease (p = 0.72), and malignancy (p = 0.84) did not affect the association. Subgroup analysis showed that hypoalbuminemia increased mortality (OR 6.26 (95% CI 3.26-12.04), p < 0.001; I2 = 69.6%, p < 0.01) and severity of the disease (OR 7.32 (95%CI 3.94-13.59), p < 0.001; I2 = 92.5%, p < 0.01). Pooled diagnostic analysis of hypoalbuminemia yielded a sensitivity of 0.63 (95% CI 0.52-0.72), specificity of 0.81 (95% CI 0.73-0.87), and AUC of 0.77. The probability of poor outcome was 70% in patients with hypoalbuminemia and 24% in patients with normal albumin level. CONCLUSION: Hypoalbuminemia was associated with poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients.